黎敏
从最初新冠肺炎疫情大暴发时的猝不及防，到抗疫物资及人员的紧急驰援，再到如今核酸检测的广泛应用和疫苗的有序接种，在与新冠肺炎病毒较量的一年多时间里，中国与许多国家都逐渐形成了自己的抗疫机制，积累了丰富的抗疫经验。对于毗邻而居的中国—东盟而言，相似的生活习惯与社群，让中国与东盟国家的抗疫经验更有相互分享与借鉴的价值。
借助第17届中国—东盟博览会的公共平台，不少宝贵的抗疫经验得以在中国与东盟国家间进一步交流共享。虽然这些经验不能让病毒立刻消失，但它们或许能为依旧身处疫情水深火热中的人们带去一份勇气和希望。
全员防疫 功课在前
英文中有一句谚语叫“预防胜于治疗”，对于流行病，重视防范、阻断传染源显然更为重要。目前，在很多国家，基础性的疫情防控举措已经常态化，它融入了人们的日常生活，甚至将改变人们的生活习惯。
据马来西亚卫生部疾控司高级首席助理主任萨尔米亚·巴哈鲁丁（Salmiah Baharudin）介绍，马来西亚政府利用一款移动应用程序MySejahtera（马来语“我的繁荣”之意）来协助控制国内的新冠肺炎疫情。MySejahtera不仅能追踪确诊患者的密切接触者，通过各场所提供的二维码记录人们的行踪，还能定位最近能够进行新冠肺炎筛查、治疗的医院和诊所。据悉，截至2020年8月16日，共有1510万人注册了该程序。而类似的应用程序也在中国、新加坡、泰国等国家得到广泛应用。
而在柬埔寨菩萨省卫生厅副厅长贴·索皮（Tek Sopheap）看来，再好的防疫手段都离不开公众的遵照与自律。他说：“我们需要让公众更好地了解新冠肺炎疫情的风险，倡导他们注意个人卫生、正确佩戴口罩、避免人群聚集。这些是‘治疗之外的公共健康建设，我们可以通过大众媒体、社交媒体、宣传资料等对大家进行教育。”
“疫情防控是党和政府的责任，是疾病预防控制中心的责任，是企业单位的责任，也是我们每个人的责任，它需要全社会每个人都参与到疫情的防控工作中来，培养起良好的生活习惯。”中国云南疾病预防控制中心副主任赵世文这样说道。
除了提升个人的防疫意识，各国还通过制定应急预案、加强抗疫人员的培训与演练、推动疫苗接种等举措来提升国内的防疫能力。
但在病毒全球大流行的严峻形势下，“外防输入”也成为各国疫情防控的重点。针对人员入境，目前中国与大多数东盟国家采取的举措包括但不限于：大幅减少国际航班，申请入境需提交核酸、PCR（聚合酶链反应）等检测证明，入境后进行隔离和医学观察等。
“随着我们进一步发现货物，特别是冷冻的海产品污染引发的疫情，我们也加强了对进口货物外包装、盛装容器、运输工具的抽样检测，以此来控制病毒的输入。”中国疾病预防控制中心副主任冯子健说。
尽管许多国家都加强了国内外的疫情防控，但不同规模的疫情仍在各地暴发，考验着各国的应急处置能力。当疫情熊熊的烈火燃起后，如何才能迅速、精准地扑灭它呢？
三大措施应对疫情“火线”
“目前我们的疫情发现机制主要有两个，一个是临床医疗机构在病人就诊时，及时诊断和发现感染的病人和无症状感染者。二个是通过对高危群体进行定期核酸检测来筛查。”据冯子健介绍，针对零星散发的疫情，中国采取的干预措施和应对办法主要包括搜索、管理和核酸检测筛查三大举措。
“当确认疫情后，我们将立即启动确诊病例活动轨迹调查和密切接触者的‘搜索。在这次疫情中，大数据的充分利用不断提高了密切接触者的发现概率。然后，我们将基于风险评估来对社区进行‘管理，对高危社区进行封锁管理，对中高风险社区开展大规模的‘核酸检测筛查。”冯子健说，“核酸检测筛查的范围有时候是一个城市，有时候只针对高危人群和社区进行多次检测，这主要基于主管部门对疫情传播范围的判断。”
尽管短期内进行大规模核酸检测筛查是一项艰巨的工程，但冯子健指出，此举能快速发现潜在的感染者，并及时阻断病毒的传播链。
随着确诊病例相关情况的公布，病人的身心健康其实也需要得到关怀与关注。贴·索皮就谈道：“一旦一个社区里出现了新冠肺炎的确诊病例，他和他的家人们可能会受到一定的偏见和歧视，这是一种社会污名化，而我们应该为他们正名，并保护他们的声誉及健康。”
战胜困难让我们更加强大
从英国发现第一例新冠病毒变异株开始，我们就知道，抗疫之路上我們仍将面临许多未知的挑战。然而，纵观人类历史，人类与病毒的较量与对抗从未停止，人类正是通过一次次的考验，不断总结经验、升级能力，最终让那些打不倒我们的困难成为我们变得更强大的基石。
在这次疫情中，血清抗体检测以及全基因组测序分析技术发挥了关键的作用。据冯子健介绍，利用这些技术，研究人员能对每一起疫情的传播链进行溯源，并为我们完善、改进防疫措施提供技术支持。
“我认为应急响应后的恢复阶段也很重要。我们在处置一次疫情后，应该对人员的履职、物资的补充、能力的提升等进行总结评估。”赵世文说，例如通过实践，我们可以对防疫物资的消耗周期有一个预估，并按需为抗疫一线做好充足的准备及补给。
而通过总结评估，各国的防疫策略也在升级。“我们会灵活调整管理系统，以确保在疫情不断变化的形势中，制定出一个有效的疾病防控策略。”泰国卫生部疾病控制司传染病预防控制处处长索蓬·艾西里索沃恩（Sopon Iamsirithaworn）说。
目前，许多国家都将社区参与作为重要的防疫管理策略。实际上，在疾病预防、疫情暴发及处置等环节中，社区的确发挥了越来越重要的作用。
“我们通过和一些佛教团体合作，为民众提供健康教育、安全葬礼、庆祝仪式等方面的咨询服务;为社区提供培训、宣传材料以及志愿者支持;并将在社区居家隔离的管理流程进行规范化。”老挝卫生部传染病控制司司长拉塔纳赛·菲索万（Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh）说，“老挝将继续通过提升政府服务，建立具有韧性和复原力的社区，和将社区功能制度化的举措，来加强社区在疫情防控中的积极作用。”
盡管不同的抗疫经验都要结合自身实际才有价值，但遇到过较大困难的人们，或许都有过这样的经历与感受——我们查问别人的成功经验，不仅是希望寻求一个攻坚克难的良方，更是希望从中寻一缕茫然无助的慰藉，一线暗夜里的曙光，一份终将迎来胜利的希望。而这，或许也是我们在疫情依旧不甚明朗的今天，分享抗疫经验的意义所在。
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Sharing Experience and Spreading Hope to Jointly Fight Against the Epidemic！
Written by Li Min / Translated by Chen Zhiying
From unpreparedness during the outbreak at the beginning to the emergency aid of anti-epidemic materials and personnel， and now the wide application of nucleic acid tests and the orderly inoculation of vaccines， China as well as many countries have gradually formed their own anti-epidemic mechanism and accumulated rich experience in the year fighting against the epidemic. For people from China and ASEAN countries who live closely， similar living habits and communities make the anti-epidemic experience of both sides more valuable for mutual sharing and reference.
Under the 17th China-ASEAN Expo， many valuable anti-epidemic experiences can be further exchanged and shared between China and ASEAN countries. Although these experiences can not eradicate the virus immediately， they may bring courage and hope to the people who are still in dire straits.
Making preparations for the fight against the epidemic
There is a proverb in English called “prevention is better than cure”. For the epidemic， it is obviously more important to pay attention to preventing and blocking the source of infection. At present， in many countries， basic epidemic prevention and control measures have been normalized. These measures have been integrated into peoples daily life， and even changed their living habits.
According to Salmiah Baharudin， Senior Assistant Director of the Disease Control Division of the Ministry of Health of Malaysia， Malaysian government used the app MySejahtera （which means “prosperity” in Malay） to control the epidemic. It not only can track close contacts of confirmed cases and peoples whereabouts through QR codes people showed in different locations， but also is able to locate the closest hospitals and clinics that can screen and treat patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. It is reported that as of August 16， 2020， 15.1 million people have registered for the app. Similar applications are also widely used in China， Singapore， Thailand， and other countries.
In the view of Tek Sopheap， Deputy Director of the Department of Health of Cambodias Bodhisattva Province， any good measure of epidemic prevention can not be separated from peoples compliance and self-discipline. “We need to let people understand the risk of the COVID-19. Also， personal hygiene， wearing masks properly， and avoiding crowd aggregation should be emphasized through mass media， social media， publicity materials， etc.， since these are important measures to promote public health.
“Epidemic prevention and control is not only the responsibility of the party， the government， and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention， but also the duty of enterprises and every one of us. It requires everyone to participate in the feedback work of the epidemic and cultivate good living habits，” said Zhao Shiwen， Deputy Director of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province， China.
In addition to enhancing individual awareness of epidemic prevention， countries all over the world also need to take measures to improve domestic epidemic prevention capacity， such as formulating emergency plans， strengthening the training and practice of anti-epidemic personnel， and promoting vaccination.
However， under the severe situation of the global epidemic， “preventing the COVID-19 from entering a region” has also become the focus of epidemic prevention and control around the globe. For entry， China and most ASEAN countries have taken measures， including but not limited to：
greatly reducing international flights， submitting nucleic acid test reports， PCR and other test certificates， isolating， and receiving medical observation after entry.
“With the further discovery of the spread caused by the pollution of goods， especially frozen seafood， we have also strengthened the sampling and testing of outer packaging， containers， and transportation of imported goods， to prevent the COVID-19 from entering，” said Feng Zijian， Deputy Director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Although many countries have strengthened the prevention and control of the epidemic at home and abroad， epidemic of different scales is still breaking out everywhere， testing the emergency response capacity of countries around the world. When the raging fire of the epidemic is ignited， how can it be quickly and accurately put out？
Three measures fighting the epidemic
“At present， there are mainly two mechanisms for the detection of epidemic. One is that clinical medical institutions timely diagnose and find the infected patients and asymptomatic-infected patients when they go to the doctor. The second is to screen high-risk groups through regular nucleic acid tests，” said Feng Zijian. And in response to sporadic outbreaks， Chinas intervention measures and countermeasures mainly include search， management， nucleic acid tests， and screening.
“When the confirmed case is found， we immediately start investigating his tracks and searching other close contacts. During the epidemic， the full use of big data has continuously improved the detection probability of close contacts. Then， we will manage the community based on risk assessment， for example， block high-risk communities and carry out large-scale nucleic acid tests and screening for medium and high-risk communities. Sometimes the scope of nucleic acid tests and screening is a city， and sometimes it only targets high-risk groups and communities. This is mainly based on the judgment of the authority on the spread scope of the epidemic，” said Feng Zijian.
Although large-scale nucleic acid tests and screening in the short term is difficult to work， Feng Zijian pointed out that this can quickly find potential infected persons and block the transmission chain of the virus in time.
With the publication of confirmed cases， the physical and mental health of patients also need to be concerned. “Once a confirmed case is found out in the community. The patient and his family may be prejudiced and discriminated against. This is a social stigma， so we should protect their reputation and health，” said Tek Sopheap.
Overcoming difficulties makes us stronger
Since the discovery of the first case of the virus mutation in the UK， we know that we will still face many unknown challenges in the fight against the epidemic. However， throughout human history， the fight and confrontation between human beings and viruses have never stopped. It is through repeated challenges that human beings constantly sum up experience and upgrade their capabilities， thus making the difficulties that can not defeat us become the cornerstone for us to become stronger.
During the epidemic， serum antibody detection and whole-genome sequencing technology played a key role. According to Feng Zijian， by using these technologies， researchers can trace the transmission chain of confirmed cases and provide technical support for us to improve epidemic prevention measures.
“I think the recovery phase after the emergency response is also important. After dealing with every case， we should summarize and evaluate personnel performance， material supplement， and ability improvement，” said Zhao Shiwen. And according to his view， through practice， we can have an estimate of the consumption cycle of epidemic prevention materials， and make adequate preparations for front-line workers.
Through summary and evaluation， epidemic prevention strategies of countries around the world are also upgrading. “We will flexibly adjust the management system to ensure an effective disease prevention and control strategy in the changing situation of the epidemic，” said Sopon Iamsirithaworn， Director of the Department of Disease Control of the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand.
At present， many countries regard community participation as an important strategy of epidemic prevention management. In fact， the community has played an increasingly important role in disease prevention， outbreak， and disposal.
“Through cooperation with some Buddhist groups， we provide health education， safe funerals， celebrations， and other consulting services for the public， offer training， publicity materials， and volunteer support to the community， and standardize the management process of home isolation in the community，” said Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh， Director of the Department of Communicable Disease Control of the Ministry of Health of Laos. He also added：
“Laos will continue to strengthen the positive role of communities in epidemic prevention and control by improving government services， building resilient communities， and institutionalizing community functions.”
Although anti-epidemic experiences are valuable only when they are combined with their own reality， people who have encountered greater difficulties may have such feelings：
When we ask about others successful experiences， we not only hope to find a good way to overcome difficulties， but also hope to seek comfort and find a ray of dawn in the dark. Perhaps this is also the significance of sharing our experience in the fight against the epidemic today when the situation is still unclear.
