Argument
开头方式：
（1） 复述结论——复述论据——指出原文存在缺陷
（2） The author cites various other evidence to justify the claim that …………………
（3） On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes………………… 罗列完作
者的假设之后引导结论的又一句式
（4）
论证展开：
(1)段首句+推测 / 假设 / 列举+ 段落小总结
段首句——指出要攻击的错误：
然后用推测法perhaps，假设法或列举法展开
用一个小句型座小总结
(2)First of all, the memo indicates that ………..引导出有缺陷的观点
Accordingly, the argument rests on the assumption that …………指出原观点所基于的假设
Yet, we are not informed …………….指出假设是没有根据的
It is entirely possible that …………展开对文中所述现象的其他可能推测
If this is the case, the recommended acquisition would not serve …..’s recommendation.
结尾方式：
指出作者未能支持的结论 + 指出我们还需要那些信息来完善论证。
To bolster it he must provide clearer evidence that …………. Such evidence might including the following………………..
引导开头段结论的词汇及句式：
recommend / suggest / advice / propose
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（2）
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（5） On the basis of this evidence the author infers that …………. This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects. On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes………………… This argument contains several logical flaws, which render it unconvincing.
论证段句式 ：
（1）
（2）
（3）
（4）
（5）
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结尾段句式：
（1） In sum, the editorial’s author cannot justify his or her voting
recommendation on the basis of the scant evidence provided in the editorial.
（2） To convince me that ………. Omni would need to provide clear statistical
evidence that ………………
（3）
攻击差异概念句式
（1）A does not necessarily indicate that B.
（2）A is little indication that B.
(3) A accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation that……….
(4) The author falsely equates A with B.
攻击因果关系的句式：
(1)The article fails to account for the alternative explanation(s) for ……….., thus the Since the editorial fails to rule out these and other possible explanations for ……., I cannot accept any conclusions about ………. But , since the editorial provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption it is equally possible that ……… Thus, without better evidence that ………….., the editorial remains unconvincing. The mere fact that ……… hardly suffices to prove ………. If this is the case, the recommended acquisition would not …….. Thus, without more marketing information about ……. It is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation. A threshold problem with the argument involves …………… ……….. overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for ……….. In short, without accounting for other factors that might contribute to ……,……… cannot justify the claim that ……………….
article’s author cannot make any sound recommendations to ………….
其他句式
(1) Without ruling out other possible reasons for A…….cannot convince me on the basis of
them that B.
(2) Yet the memo contains no evidence to support this assumption.
(3) Lacking such evidence it is equally possible that…………
表让步关系的词汇：
even if……
given that …, it is entirely possible that …………
表递进关系的词汇：
besides / moreover / additionally /
没有考虑某些情况的句式：
（1） Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his
claim that ………… is untenable.
