考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案医学类

考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案医学类 　　Valeta Young， 81， a retiree from Lodi， Calif.， suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring. But she doesn＇t have to drive anywhere to get it. Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale， answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse＇s station in San Antonio， Texas. “It＇s almost a direct link to my doctor，” says Young， who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment. 　　Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology， with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone， Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients＇ heart rates to how often they cough. 　　Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment， doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March， St. Francis University in Pittsburgh， Pa.， partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall， Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online， using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors. 　　Such home monitoring， says Dr. George Dailey， a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego， “could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate， blood sugar， lipid levels， kidney functions and even vision.” 　　Dr. Timothy Moore， executive vice president of Alere Medical， which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10，000 other patients are using， says that almost any vital sign could， in theory， be monitored from home. But， he warns， that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely， for example， and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value， he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma. 　　Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree：
you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time;8/9/2004， p101-101， 1/2p， 2c; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1; 　　1. How does Young monitor her health conditions? 　　[A] By stepping on an electronic scale. 　　[B] By answering a few yes or no questions. 　　[C] By using remote monitoring service. 　　[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor. 　　2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring? 　　[A] car 　　[B] telephone 　　[C] Internet 　　[D] the airwaves 　　3. The word “prompted” (Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means ________. 　　[A] made 　　[B] reminded 　　[C] aroused 　　[D] driven 　　4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely? 　　[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring. 　　[B] Because it doesn‘t make good medical sense. 　　[C] Because it‘s value has not been proved by scientific study 　　[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors 　　5. Which of the following is true according to the text? 　　[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring. 　　[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish. 　　[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases. 　　[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring. 　　答案：CADBC Dr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years， and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him， however， they＇d want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries， and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work. 　　Young， 51， head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick， N.J.， was born on New Year＇s Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then， the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward：
When a cord is damaged， it＇s damaged. There＇s nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center， Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom， but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords， he knew， experience progressive damage after they＇re injured， including swelling and inflammation， which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs， might some function be preserved? 　　Young spent a decade looking into the question， and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury， about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything， but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator， walking or spending one＇s life in a wheelchair. “This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy，” Young says. 　　A global revolution， actually. More than 50，000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year， and these days， methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured， but the relief it offers is only partial， and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young＇s dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together， he has created the International Neurotrauma Society， founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website (carecure.rutgers.edu) that receives thousands of hits each day. 　　“The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies，” Young says. “It＇s the most collaborative field I know.” Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general， his name would be Wise Young. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time;8/20/2001， p54; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 3; 　　1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three， Paragraph 1)， the author means_______________. 　　[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact. 　　[B] Many people could do the remarkable things. 　　[C] When meeting him， many people could do the simple but remarkable thing. 　　[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him. 　　2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century? 　　[A] pessimistic 　　[B] optimistic 　　[C] confused 　　[D] carefree 　　3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3， Paragraph 3)， the author is talking about_____________. 　　[A] the drug 　　[B] the function of the injured body 　　[C] the function of the drug 　　[D] the injury 　　4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement? 　　[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past. 　　[B] His treatment is standard. 　　[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people. 　　[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury. 　　5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree? 　　[A] Wise Young does not meet many people. 　　[B] When Young was young， he did not have much reason to ask questions. 　　[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field， Young might be the right person. 　　[D] Young‘s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times. 　　答案：D A B A C Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus， and suddenly， instead of dividing in a measured fashion， a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell， it never stops. But describing the process isn＇t the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it＇s almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success. 　　Until now. According to a report in the current issue of Nature， a team of scientists based at M.I.T.＇s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won＇t lead to any immediate treatment， they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a “landmark paper，” wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris， in an accompanying commentary. 　　The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983， when the Whitehead＇s Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells， they didn＇t work. Since then， scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect：
they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell＇s aging process， and since cancer cells keep dividing forever， the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous. 　　The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly; another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase， which made the cells essentially immortal. They＇d created a tumor in a test tube. “Some people believed that telomerase wasn＇t that important，” says the Whitehead＇s William Hahn， the study＇s lead author. “This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.” 　　Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn＇t the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body， of course. But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells， doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages. The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer， thereby lessening our dependence on tissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation. Beyond that， the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin， and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 08/09/99， p60， 3/5p， 2c 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2002年真题text 4 　　1. From the first paragraph， we learn that ________________. 　　[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely 　　[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping， it becomes cancerous 　　[C] normal cells do no copy themselves 　　[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly 　　2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? 　　[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order. 　　[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two. 　　[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer. 　　[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells. 　　3. According to the author， one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________. 　　[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter 　　[B] scientists didn‘t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells 　　[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell‘s aging process and cell division. 　　[D] human cells are mouselike 　　4. Which of the following best defines the word “tailored” (Line 4， Paragraph 5)? 　　[A] made specifically 　　[B] used mainly 　　[C] targeted 　　[D] aimed 　　5. The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________. 　　[A] a thorough understanding of the disease 　　[B] beating out cancers 　　[C] solving the cancer mystery 　　[D] drugs that leave patients less painful 　　答案：B C B A D When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn＇t expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she＇d be paid. Unlike clinical trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question：
how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins＇s system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop. 　　The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation＇s premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.” 　　The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn＇t warn about possible lung toxicity. 　　Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias＇s studies. Still， the university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins. 　　注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2005年真题Text 1; 　　1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by 　　[A]explaining a phenomenon 　　[B]justifying an assumption 　　[C]stating an incident 　　[D]making a comparison 　　2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line 　　1， Paragraph 3) implies that 　　[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive. 　　[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking. 　　[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing. 　　[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking. 　　3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______. 　　[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up 　　[B]the review board has neglected their duty 　　[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers 　　[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked 　　4. The OHRP has found that 　　[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment. 　　[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment. 　　[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment. 　　[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system. 　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 　　[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident. 　　[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP 　　[C]Togias＇s studies shouldn‘t be suspended. 　　[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible. 　　答案：CBACB You hop into your car， but， wait， where are the keys? You meet someone new， but her name is gone before the handshake＇s over. Those are failures of your short-term， or “working，” memory——the place you file information for immediate， everyday retrieval. It isn＇t perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting，” says Yale＇s Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.” 　　After menopause， when estrogen levels plummet， some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer＇s. The new study， published in last week＇s Journal of the American Medical Association， is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer：
“All of a sudden I was remembering things.” 　　The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information：
nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period， participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded， stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen， the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages. 　　There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can＇t yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen， participants＇ scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。

Other studies on estrogen and cognition are short term——and their findings have been inconsistent. And scientists still can＇t answer the question facing millions of women：
should I take hormone-replacement therapy? The new study may make estrogen more appealing， but it should be just “one part of the equation，” says Shaywitz. Still， it＇s a memorable one. 　　注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 04/19/99， p50; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2002年真题Text 3; 　　1. The following are the examples of the failures of short-term memory， except that ___________. 　　[A]you are not sure whether you‘ve locked the door or not 　　[B]you cannot recall all your previous experience 　　[C]you cannot find the key to your car when starting it 　　[D]you forget the name of a stranger before the greeting is over 　　2. It can be inferred from the text that women‘s working memory could probably be improved if _________. 　　[A]they overuse estrogen 　　[B]they participate in the experiment 　　[C]their minds are kept active 　　[D]the estrogen level is raised 　　3. The experiment involving 46 ladies shows that _______. 　　[A]the women should take a normal dose of estrogen 　　[B]the women‘s brains still have the ability of creation 　　[C]the estrogen level determines their memory bad or good 　　[D]the estrogen makes the brain work more actively 　　4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________. 　　[A]the connection between estrogen and memory is still an open study 　　[B]the hormone estrogen plays a key role in improving memory. 　　[C]the low level estrogen makes a woman forgetful 　　[D]raising the estrogen level can improve the women‘s short-term memory 　　5. From the text we can see the writer seems ________. 　　[A]objective 　　[B]optimistic 　　[C]sensitive 　　[D]gloomy 　　答案：BDDAA 　At 18， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease，” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)， she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source， in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992， she is completely healthy with normal immune function， according to one of the doctors who treated her， W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，” Anderson says， “within 50 years.” 　　It＇s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson＇s early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005， and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don＇t cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse，” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.” 　　At the University of Pennsylvania＇s Abramson Cancer Center， immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University， researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson＇s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children＇s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children＇s Hospital of Philadelphia， researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise. 　　But somehow， things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment， patients show a response at first， but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999， when Jesse Gelsinger， an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder， died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer， researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already， officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.” But the principle is the same， whether you＇re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea，” says Crystal. “And eventually it＇s going to work.” 　　注(1)：本文选自Newsweek;12/6/2004， p55-55， 2/3p， 1c; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象：
第1、2题分别模仿2003年真题text1的第2题和第1题;第3、4题分别模仿2004年真题text1的第5 题和第3题;第5题模仿2002年真题text3的第5题; 　　1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________. 　　[A] show the promise of gene-therapy 　　[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases 　　[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team 　　[D] explain how gene-based treatment works 　　2. Anderson‘s early success has ________________. 　　[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine 　　[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy 　　[C] promised a cure to every disease 　　[D] made him a national hero 　　3. Which of the following is true according to the text? 　　[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly. 　　[B] Despite the huge funding， gene researches have shown few promises. 　　[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses. 　　[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores. 　　4. The word “tarnish” (line 5， paragraph 4) most probably means ____________. 　　[A] affect 　　[B] warn 　　[C] trouble 　　[D] stain 　　5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________. 　　[A] optimistic 　　[B] pessimistic 　　[C] troubled 　　[D] uncertain 　　答案：A B C D A Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America， but this year＇s is a whopper. Until last week， it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities， concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool， barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight， the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated， they＇re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information， “and the lack of redundancy in our system.” 　　Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine， a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg， then crack the egg， harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow， demand is fickle and， because each year＇s flu virus is different， any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result， the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble， there isn＇t much the other can do about it. “A vaccine maker can＇t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs，” says Manon Cox， of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. “There＇s a whole industry that＇s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.” 　　Sleeker technologies are now in the works， and experts are hoping that this year＇s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way， but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy， and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals＇ Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe. 　　For America， the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That＇s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand， but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact， many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one. 　　注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 10/18/2004， p57-57， 2/3p， 1c; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象1—4题模仿1997年真题text 3，第5题模仿1997年真题text 4的第四小题; 　　1. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____. 　　[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers 　　[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year 　　[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production 　　[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up 　　2. The word “cleared” (Line 5， Paragraph 3) might mean ____. 　　[A]permitted 　　[B]removed 　　[C]proved 　　[D]produced 　　3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____. 　　[A]complicated process， high cost， low profit and high risk 　　[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs 　　[C]difficulty in growing live virus 　　[D]fast changing of flu virus 　　4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ____. 　　[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions 　　[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year 　　[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year 　　[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year 　　5. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE? 　　[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year. 　　[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way. 　　[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more. 　　[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures. 　　答案：D A A B B It was a big week for Alzheimer＇s disease， and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting， a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer＇s worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer＇s， as well as to the baby-boom generation that＇s up next. Unless something dramatic happens， the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple， to about 16 million， over the next 50 years. There＇s still no cure in sight， but there is progress on several fronts. Among them：
　　MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C， both antioxidants， help stave off Alzheimer＇s， at least in folks who haven＇t already developed the disorder. What they didn＇t know——but a big study involving 4，740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed——was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer＇s a remarkable 78%. 　　COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer＇s patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain＇s chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept)， an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine， were also given memantine (Namenda)， a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone， providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer＇s， according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association. 　　BRAIN IMAGING Finally， scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer＇s patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now， doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died， when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique， doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear. 　　None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer＇s disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned， the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer＇s， and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also， remember the old adage “use it or lose it.” Mental exercise——reading， doing crossword puzzles， playing chess or Scrabble——is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 2/2/2004， p78-78， 2/3p， 2c; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象第1题模仿2002年text 4第1题;第2题模仿1994年真题text 2 第3题;第3模仿2002年真题text 3 第3题，第4—5题模仿2004年text 3第4，5题; 　　1. From the first paragraph， we learn that_________. 　　[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer‘s disease 　　[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims 　　[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer‘s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS 　　[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer‘s disease can be cured 　　2. The phrase “stave off” (line 1， paragraph 2) most probably means “________”。

　　[A] getting 　　[B] treating 　　[C] curing 　　[D] preventing 　　3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________. 　　[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment 　　[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate 　　[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer‘s 　　[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately 　　4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer‘s? 　　[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain. 　　[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died. 　　[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain. 　　[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease. 　　5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? 　　[A] Alzhemer‘s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances. 　　[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise. 　　[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer‘s from curable memory lapses， which can be treated if found in an early phase. 　　[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes. 　　答案：B D D A C The countdown goes something like this：
3) IRS auditor， 2) ex-husband＇s new 20-year-old girlfriend， 1) dentist. The top three people we most hate to see. 　　“Let＇s face it，” says Dr. Lorin Berland， a dentist in Dallas. “Dentistry can suck.” A third of Americans， according to the National Center for Health Statistics， haven＇t even set foot in the dentist＇s office in the past year. Berland， along with an increasing number of dentists all over the country， is trying to change that. He wants dental appointments to be less about pain and drilling and more about relaxation， foot massage and soothing aromatherapy. 　　Spa dentistry， as it＇s called， means you can enjoy a hot paraffin-wax hand treatment while getting your teeth cleaned. Or you can slip on some virtual-reality glasses and watch your favorite movie. Or you might just lie back and let the scent of lavender and the sound of falling water quiet your anxiety， while a licensed massage therapist eases the crick in your neck. Most vacations aren＇t this good. In response to spa dentistry＇s growing popularity， the Chicago Dental Society will teach its first course on the practice at its annual midwinter meeting in February， expected to attract 35，000 industry professionals. 　　“Some people are born to cater to people， and others have to be taught，” says Dr. Grace Sun， a dentist in Los Angeles who， without benefit of a lecture， offers massage， fruit smoothies and movies. In addition， she provides luxury hotel-style concierge services：
while you＇re in the (vibrating， of course) chair， her staff makes dinner reservations， takes your cell-phone calls， baby-sits， dog-sits， orders in food or does just about anything else you ask. 　　Dr. Debra Gray King of the Atlanta Center for Cosmetic Dentistry calls her practice “the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry” and in fact sends her “dental concierges” to the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center for training in client relations. They＇re taught to squire each patient as he or she navigates the various rooms of the center＇s luxe 8，400-sq.-ft. Twelve Oaks——esque mansion. Once in the dentist＇s chair， King＇s patients can use the attached flat-panel monitor to watch TV， play a DVD or surf the Web. Can＇t see the screen? No worries， there＇s one wired to the ceiling too. Noise-reduction headphones block the screech of the drill and play a CD of your choice， and the specially constructed dental chair channels the sound waves from the music into a full-body massage. “The more relaxed the patient is，” says King， “the easier our job.” 　　Patients are responding. Martha Dickey， a magazine publisher in Atlanta， says a hot paraffin-wax treatment can “change your whole feeling about going to the dentist. You feel like you＇re there to get nurtured and pampered. It＇s fabulous. Every one of your senses is taken care of.” If only the offices of the IRS were as pleasant. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 12/30/2002-1/6/2003， p155， 3/4p， 1c; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年text 1; 　　1. How do Dr. Berland and some other American dentists try to change the image of 　　dentistry? 　　[A] They try to change it by facing it bravely. 　　[B] They try to change it by teaching patients how to take good care of their teeth. 　　[C] They try to change it by providing new services to help patients feel relaxed and at home. 　　[D] They try to change it by relieving patients‘ pain with new pills. 　　2. Which of the following is not a service provided by spa dentistry? 　　[A] a vacation 　　[B] spa 　　[C] massage 　　[D] dental treatment 　　3. The expression “cater to” (Line 1， Paragraph 4) most probably means _______. 　　[A] meet the requirements of sb. 　　[B] be to sb‘s liking 　　[C] take sb. seriously 　　[D] serve sb. well 　　4. Why does Dr. Debra Gray King call her practice “the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry”? 　　[A] Because her “dental concierges” are trained at the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center. 　　[B] Because her cosmetic dentistry center provides the kind of concierge services luxury hotels like Ritz-Carlton provide. 　　[C] Because her Center is located in a mansion as large as Ritz-Carlton. 　　[D] Because her patients are also guests at Ritz-Carlton. 　　5. Which of the following is true according to the text? 　　[A] Dr. Grace Sun learned her new practice from the course offered by the Chicago Dental Society. 　　[B] The author hopes that dentist‘s offices can be as comfortable the offices of the IRS. 　　[C] The patients like the new services provided by the dentists mentioned in the text very much. 　　[D] Dental appointments are often associated with relaxation. 　　答案：C A D B C 　WHAT do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America＇s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity， soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative， and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart)。

Last week， at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia， the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source：
a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria， the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris， gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image. 　　Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd， or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people＇s lives，” says Alan Holmer， the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America， an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994. 　　Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past， he said， it is better to move on， and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges， for example， that cigarettes are addictive and deadly， and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion， so focus on those who are， he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words：
“This is not about spin， this is about change.” 　　The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics， Mr Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive， since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising， he said， can actually antagonise people further. 　　The audience was generally receptive， claims Mr Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year， he offered America＇s State Department advice on improving America＇s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms， if only a small one. But at least， for once， a tobacco firm is peddling a cure， rather than a disease. 　　GRAPH：
Unpopularity contest 　　Economist; 11/27/2004， Vol. 373 Issue 8403， p64-64， 1/3p， 1 graph 　　注(1)：本文选自Economist; 11/27/2004， p64-64， 1/3p， 1 graph; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象第1题2004年真题text 4第1题，第2题模仿1994年真题text 3第1题，第3题模仿1996年真题text 3第3题，第4题模仿1997年真题text 3第2题，第5题2004年真题text 4第5题; 　　1. Why is America‘s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular? 　　[A] Because it， like tobacco and oil firms， does harm to people‘s health and environment. 　　[B] Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer. 　　[C] Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide. 　　[D] Because it exploits its employees. 　　2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________. 　　[A] the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous， or even insulting 　　[B] the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry 　　[C] tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products 　　[D] pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems 　　3. According to the text， Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except ______. 　　[A] To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images. 　　[B] Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association. 　　[C] Not to care about the past. 　　[D] To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion. 　　4. The word “mollify” (Line 1， Paragraph 4) might mean? 　　[A] placate. 　　[B] enrage. 　　[C] fight. 　　[D] relieve. 　　5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered his 　　thoughts on dealing with implacable critics.“? 　　[A] Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times. 　　[B] Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself. 　　[C] Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms. 　　[D] Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments. 　　答案：C A C A C 　Sleep is a funny thing. We＇re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night， but a lot of us get by just fine on less， and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke——probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly. 　　Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon， it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride， confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn＇t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness， a person＇s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously， surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don＇t think twice about operating without enough sleep. 　　“I could tell you horror stories，” says Jaya Agrawal， president of the American Medical Student Association， which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours，” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.” 　　“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work，” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ＇Jersey barrier＇ on the New Jersey Turnpike， going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy，” writes a third， because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.” 　　Agrawal＇s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001， introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions， modeled on New York State＇s regulations， include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit.Most doctors， however， resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley， a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan， agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience， not by the government.” 　　The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors， patients are on their own. If you＇re worried about the people treating you or a loved one， you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors， for their part， have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time;3/11/2002， p73， 3/4p， 1c; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿1999年真题text4的第1题和text2的第2题;第3题模仿1998年真题text3的第2题;第4、5题分别模仿2004年真题text2的第3题和text3的第5题; 　　1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________. 　　[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness 　　[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder 　　[C] stroke is often associated with sleep 　　[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep 　　2. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face， the author implies that ________________. 　　[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic 　　[B] doctors‘ sleep is deprived by residents 　　[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems 　　[D] sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated 　　3. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________. 　　[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes 　　[B] discuss the cause of doctors‘ sleep problems 　　[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients 　　[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep 　　4. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience， not by the government” (line 6， paragraph 5)， Dr. Charles Binkley means that ____________. 　　[A] doctors should not abide by government‘s regulations 　　[B] the government is interfering too much 　　[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific 　　[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can 　　5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? 　　[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors. 　　[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors‘。

　　[C] Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequately-rested. 　　[D] People concerned have the right to remove their doctors from their positions. 　　答案：B C D B C 　Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent. So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything——including spending a lot of money——to keep an attack at bay. Trouble is， more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don＇t work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process， according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 　　The report， based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities， contained some good news. Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children＇s asthma. After that， however， many parents seemed to go astray， taking precautions that weren＇t helpful “and made little sense，” according to Dr. Michael Cabana， a pediatrician at the University of Michigan＇s C.S. Mott Children＇s Hospital， who led the study. 　　One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen. Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more：
shut the windows to keep pollen out. Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites; a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed. With those allergies， a dehumidifier works better. 　　Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn＇t even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage. Second-hand smoke has been proved， over and over again， to be a major trigger of asthma attacks. Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called “questionable utility.” 　　Part of the problem， Dr. Cabana and his colleagues believe， is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners， ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary. And doctors may not always take the time， or have the time， to explain to parents what will and won＇t work in their child＇s particular case. For example， allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma， while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections. So make sure you understand what＇s really triggering your child＇s asthma. And remember， the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time，8/30/2004，p67; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1 　　1. What does the study by Dr. Michael Cabana indicate? 　　[A]Parents are eager to cure of their children‘s disease. 　　[B]Many parents are wasting money for their children‘s frightening disease. 　　[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their children‘s disease. 　　[D]Parents feel worried about their children‘s disease. 　　2. Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks? 　　[A]Humidifier. 　　[B]Second-hand smoke. 　　[C]Plant pollen. 　　[D]Dust mites. 　　3. The expression “to keep an attack at bay” (Line 3， Paragraph 1) most probably means ________. 　　[A]to ease the attack 　　[B]to lessen the attack 　　[C]to continue the attack 　　[D]to prevent the attack 　　4. Why are the parents in such a dilemma? 　　[A]The doctors are not responsible enough. 　　[B]Parents are influenced much by ads. 　　[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease. 　　[D]The quality of medical products is not good. 　　5. Which of the following is true according to the text? 　　[A]Parents shouldn‘t spend too much money on the children. 　　[B]The expensive products are not always good. 　　[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important. 　　[D]Parents often make mistakes. 　　答案：CADBC IF YOU＇RE CONFUSED BY ALL the news about the health effects of eating fish， you＇re not alone. On one hand， the omega-3 fatty acids in fish are known to reduce the risk of heart disease， as the American Heart Association reminded us two weeks ago when it restated its recommendation that everybody eat at least two fish servings a week. On the other hand， fish that feed in contaminated waterways contain high levels of mercury， which can lead to cognitive problems in developing brains. That＇s why pregnant women and nursing mothers are advised to limit their consumption. 　　As if that weren＇t confusing enough， two new studies published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine investigated the possible effects of mercury on the heart， and they seem to have reached contradictory conclusions. One found no clear link between mercury levels and heart disease; the other found that men with high levels of mercury in their toenails were more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with low levels. What are we to make of this? The first thing to remember is that this is how science proceeds， by fits and starts and seemingly contradictory results that get resolved only by further study. The second is that not all fish are created equal. 　　Compared with all the other things you might eat， fish are an excellent source of protein. They tend to eat algae as part of their natural life cycle， converting it into omega-3 fatty acids that can improve your cholesterol profile. But it＇s also true that our waterways have become increasingly contaminated with all sorts of pollutants， including mercury， and that these pollutants tend to accumulate at different levels in different species. The fish most at risk are predators high in the pelagic food chain， such as swordfish and sharks (see chart)。

　　It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails， where heavy metals tend to be deposited. In one study， researchers led by Dr. Eliseo Guallar at Johns Hopkins found that European and Israeli men with the highest mercury levels were nearly 2.2 times as likely to have a heart attack as those with the lowest levels. The other study， led by Dr. Walter Willett at the Harvard School of Public Health， looked at a selection of American men and found no connection between mercury exposure and risk of heart disease， although Willett told me a “weak association” cannot be ruled out. 　　For most of us， eating two servings of fish a week should not pose any problems. Guallar， who hails from coastal Spain， continues to flavor his paella with salmon， which has negligible mercury levels. Willett eats swordfish only about twice a month——because of its expense， not any fear of mercury. Fish-oil supplements are high in omega3 fatty acids and probably don＇t contain as much mercury as whole fish. But they don＇t taste nearly as good. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 12/9/2002， p99; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2005真题Text 1; 　　1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by 　　[A]making a comparison 　　[B]justifying an assumption 　　[C]posing a contrast 　　[D]explaining a phenomenon 　　2. The phrase “by fits and starts”(Line 6， Paragraph 2) most probably means _______. 　　[A]something happens smoothly 　　[B]something keeps starting and then stopping again 　　[C]something deserves a lot of effort 　　[D]something is troublesome 　　3. Clippings from toenails were chosen for the research most probably because _______. 　　[A]they are more likely to contain mercury 　　[B]they influence a person‘s heart 　　[C]they can be easily obtained 　　[D]they are connected with the heart 　　4. The views of Dr. Eliseo Guallar and Dr. Walter Willett are ______. 　　[A]identical 　　[B]similar 　　[C]opposite 　　[D]complementary 　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 　　[A]Fish is no threat to Man. 　　[B]Do not be frightened by some fish. 　　[C]Eat Fish-oil supplements instead of fish. 　　[D]Taste is more important than the safety of the food. 　　答案：CBACB 　A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans：
heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman＇s laboratory at the Children＇s Hospital in Boston. 　　The versatile compound is endostatin， a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis， the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman， a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis， the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How? By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors. 　　When news of Folkman＇s achievement became widely known last year， it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results， questions arose about the validity of Folkman＇s research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute， with guidance from Folkman， finally matched his results. Reassured， the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors. 　　How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke? The answer lies in the composition of plaque， the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol， white blood cells and smooth muscle cells， and as it accumulates， a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque? 　　A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week “Western diet” that was high in fat and cholesterol， then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta， the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile， they injected one group of mice with endostatin， another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling：
the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group. 　　All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman＇s tumor report， the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. “If this finding is supported in future studies，” says Moulton， “[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes.” But any such treatments， she stresses， are probably five to 10 years away. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 04/19/99， p48; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1; 　　1. What did the report indicate? 　　[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage. 　　[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans. 　　[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future. 　　[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke. 　　2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients? 　　[A]They were convinced of the Folkman＇s research. 　　[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman. 　　[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug. 　　[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans. 　　3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”(Line 8， Paragraph 2) most probably 　　means _______. 　　[A]help the growth of capillaries 　　[B]limit the growth of capillaries 　　[C]improve the growth of capillaries 　　[D]prevent the growth of capillaries 　　4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart? 　　[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells. 　　[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque. 　　[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same. 　　[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance. 　　5. Which of the following is true according to the text? 　　[A]Folkman＇s tumor report had been exaggerated. 　　[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected. 　　[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging. 　　[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment. 　　答案：CADBC 　Depending on whom you ask， the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women， a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning. 　　There＇s truth to all these points of view. Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Unlike some infertile women， the 30-year-old patient produced eggs just fine， and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm. But they never developed properly， largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus. So using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University， Dr. Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patient＇s fertilized egg， scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed. In this more benign environment， development proceeded normally， and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband＇s——pretty much like any normal baby. 　　What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones， starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning， the inserted nucleus comes from a single， usually adult， cell， and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides， for reasons that aren＇t yet well understood， cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects; Dolly died very young， though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese woman＇s twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two)， critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans. 　　Not likely， says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster，” he admits， “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so， concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China， where it was subsequently banned (but only this month， long after Zhuang＇s patient became pregnant)。

　　The bottom line， say critics， is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning， even if it were developed for another purpose， is just a bad idea——an assertion Zhuang rejects. “I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments，” he says. “But we＇ve developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.” 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 10/27/2003， p47; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题Text 4; 　　1. What is implied in the first paragraph? 　　[A]Some people regard it as a tragic failure. 　　[B]The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people. 　　[C]People have different reactions to the new experiment. 　　[D]The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning. 　　2. The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________. 　　[A]both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals 　　[B]both of them benefit from the new technique 　　[C]both of them are the examples of technical failure 　　[D]both of them are the fruits of the new technology 　　3. Zhuang‘s attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________. 　　[A]reserved consent 　　[B]strong disapproval 　　[C]slight contempt 　　[D]enthusiastic support 　　4. The only difference existing between nuclear-transfer and cloning technique is ________. 　　[A]whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile 　　[B]whether the offspring looks like the parent 　　[C]whether it is used in animals or human beings 　　[D]whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell 　　5. The text intends to express the idea that _________. 　　[A]research of cloning has potential risks 　　[B]the research of cloning should be stopped totally 　　[C]ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction 　　[D]researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning 　　答案：CABDC 　I had two routine checkups last week， and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they＇re taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications. 　　On each history， however， the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic， but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL， or bad cholesterol， my doctor should know that， because I＇m probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer， my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant. 　　While I know something about the history of my parents＇ health-my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson＇s disease， and my mother died of lung cancer-there＇s plenty I don＇t know. What were my parents＇ cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can＇t swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents， whose genes I also have， I＇m even more in the dark. 　　That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona， the U.S. Surgeon General， only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That＇s why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you＇re supposed to be giving thanks for everything that＇s going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway， it＇s a perfect time to create a medical family tree. 　　And the Surgeon General is making it easy：
if you go to hhs.gov/familyhistory， you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families， which ones you should be most and least worried about， and what to do if， like me， your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait， which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in a easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors. 　　The website insists the software is “fun”， but that may be going a bit far. In any case， it＇s available only for Windows machines， so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It＇s worth it， though， since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday. 　　注(1)：本文选自Time; 11/22/2004， p100; 　　注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象为2005年真题Text 1; 　　1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by 　　[A] posing a contrast. 　　[B] justifying an assumption. 　　[C] explaining a phenomenon. 　　[D] making a comparison. 　　2. The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can＇t swear to that.” (Line 4， Paragraph 3) implies that 　　[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes. 　　[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes. 　　[C] both of them suffered from diabetes. 　　[D] it＇s uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not. 　　3. Family health report is very important because 　　[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit. 　　[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents. 　　[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed. 　　[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents. 　　4. Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that 　　[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history. 　　[B] you should print out your family＇s medical history. 　　[C] you should gather your family＇s medical history. 　　[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right. 　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 　　[A] The software is fun enough. 　　[B] Family medical tree shouldn＇t be neglected. 　　[C] The software is not available anywhere. 　　[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree. 　　答案：C B A C B William Shakespeare described old age as “second childishness”—— sans teeth， sans eyes， sans taste. In the case of taste he may， musically speaking， have been even more perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer＇s Disease in Brescia， Italy， shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression， if not to infancy， then at least to a patient＇s teens. 　　Frontotemporal dementia is caused， as its name suggests， by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech， and with such “higher” functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer＇s disease， a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer＇s. In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1，500 Alzheimer＇s patients; it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia. 　　Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer， the other a 73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories， but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementia-a diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning. About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer， once a classical music lover whoreferred to pop music as “mere noise”， started listening to the Italian pop band “883”。

As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated， he 　　continued to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day. The housewife had not even had the lawyer＇s love of classical music， having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past. But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11-year-old granddaughter was listening to. 　　This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimer＇s patients， and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia. And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporal-dementia patients sometimes gain new talents. Five sufferers who developed artistic abilities are known. And in another lapse of musical taste， one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs. 　　Dr Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences. Previous studies of novelty-seeking behavior suggest that it is managed by the brain＇s right frontal lobe. A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe， caused by damage to the latter， might thus lead to a quest for new experience. Alternatively， the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appreciate certain kinds of music. Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter. As Dr Frisoni puts it in his article， de gustibus non disputandum est. Or， in plainer words， there is no accounting for taste. 　　11. For Shakespeare， old age as “second childishness” for they have the same 　　A favorite. 　　B memory. 　　C experience. 　　D sense. 　　12. Which one is not a symptom of Frototemporal dementia? 　　A the loss of memory. 　　B the loss of judgment. 　　C the loss of abstract thinking . 　　D the loss of speech. 　　13. From the two patients mentioned in the passage， it can be concluded that 　　A their command of language has deteriorated. 　　B their emotional attachments to friends and family are being lost. 　　C the Frontotemporal dementia can bring new gifts. 　　D Frontotemporal dementia can cause patients to change their musical tastes. 　　14.The “novel” in the last paragraph means 　　A historical. 　　B special. 　　C story-like. 　　D strange. 　　15. From the passage， it can be inferred that 　　A the damage of the left frontal lobe may affect some specific neural circuit. 　　B the lawyer patient has the left frontal lobe damaged. 　　C the damage of the left frontal lobe decreased the appreciation certain kinds of music. 　　D every patient has the same taste. 　　答案：DADDB Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations. 　　Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. 　　What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. 　　The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another‘s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well. 　　These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn‘t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. 　　I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery，and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine，that seems merciful rather than criminal.If we can agree to this，then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request.Without the doctor‘s previous treatment，the person would have surely been dead already.Doctors have intervened for months or even years，so why not sanction this final，merciful intervention? 　　Life is indeed precious，but an inevitable part of life is death，and it should be precious，too.If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering，then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty，one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly，surely，and with family and friends nearby. 　　1. In this passage“doctor-assisted suicide”actually refers to the practice that doctors____. 　　[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement 　　[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide 　　[c]propose euthanasia(安乐死)to the terminally ill patient 　　[D]kill their patients with improper prescription 　　2. People may object to doctor-assisted suicide on the ground that____. 　　[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives 　　[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients 　　[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis 　　[D]doctors should wait until their patients‘ death is certain 　　3. Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide? 　　[A]The patient. [B]The doctor. 　　[C]Nature. [D]None of the above. 　　4. When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicide，the author admits that____. 　　[A]it is not up to them to make the choice 　　[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference 　　[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously 　　[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases 　　5. The author makes it clear that____. 　　[A]he is opposed to doctor-assisted suicide 　　[B]he is in favor of doctor-assisted suicide 　　[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctor-assisted suicide 　　[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present 　　参考答案：
　　1. [C] 第一段第二句实际上是doctor-assisted suicide的定义。

　　2. [C] 参阅第三段第六、七、八句。

　　3. [C] 参阅第四段第三、四、五句。

　　4. [D] 参阅第五段，尤其是本段第一句。

　　5. [B] 参阅最后一段，尤其是该段第二句。

　The term“genetically modified”(G-M)is an offspring of another term：biotechnology，a word that‘s been around for about 30 years.Biotechnology was coined in the shadow of new techniques that allowed scientists to modify the genetic material in living cells.Roughly，that means imitating biological processes to produce substances that，arguably，benefit things like agriculture，medicine and the environment. 　　Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally-friendly fertilizers.And，say the supporters，a11 of this is done safely.Bart Bilmer，an officer of biotechnology at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency，reinforces this.He says before being put on the shelves，all foods go through rigorous tests to ensure they’re up to snuff.The standard for“safe”is the food that‘s already being sold in grocery stores.It’s called the principle of substantial equivalence.And there‘s no doubt in Bilmer’s mind that it‘s a system that’s working and working well. 　　Advocacy groups，like the Council of Canadians and Greenpeace，don‘t see things quite the same way.They cite studies done by groups such as the British Medical Association which argue G-M foods could have disastrous consequences to our health.1)To the groups on this side of the issue，that“could”provides more than enough reason to proceed with extreme caution，something they say isn’t being done at present.Those on this side of the debate say there are a number of problems with the current approach to G-M foods.To begin with，they argue the notion of substantial equivalence is not a standard they trust.They want a new testing system independent from the industry.As well，G-M critics say enough time hasn‘t passed to study the long-term effects of the foods.Without knowing，argues Jennifer Story of the Council of Canadians，Canadians are“part of this giant experiment involving a radical and frontier science”。

　　One side says the foods on the shelves of Canada‘s grocery stores are safe.The other side says they’re not so sure.Both sides agree consumers may be confused with the information out there but don‘t agree on how to address that confusion.One side says the answer lies’in voluntary labels，the other says mandatory ones are the bare minimum.2) Whatever the case， it＇s a debate that makes us consider the role technology has in our lives.What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core.And that fact means one thing：it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables，but dinner tables. 　　1. The expression“are up to snuff”(Para.2 )probably means____. 　　[A]be healthy [B]be pleasant to taste 　　[C]meet the standard [D] be nutritious 　　2. The“principle of substantial equivalence”(Para.2 )is one by which____. 　　[A]G-M foods can be produced and processed 　　[B]one can define the safety of G-M foods 　　[C]foods can be genetically modified up to standard 　　[D]foods can be tested before they are sold at grocery stores 　　3. Those who advise taking a cautious attitude toward G-M foods warn that____. 　　[A]G-M foods will have disastrous consequences to people‘s health 　　[B]the long-term effects of G-M foods remain largely unknown 　　[C]most G-M foods do not meet the principle of substantial equivalence 　　[D]most fertilizers used in raising G-M foods are harmful to the environment 　　4. What Jennifer Story says implies____. 　　[A]she considers genetic food modification desirable 　　[B]she believes G-M food will have disastrous consequences to our health 　　[C]she predicts more and more Canadians will like G-M foods 　　[D]she takes a cautious attitude towards food modification 　　5. The author‘s attitude towards the issue of G-M food is____. 　　[A]positive [B]negative 　　[C]radical [D]impartial 　　参考答案：
　　1. [C] 这是一个俚语，意为“符合标准的”。第二段中该句的下一句实际上解释了该词组的意思。

　　2. [B] 该句的上一句实际上说明了其意思。

　　3. [B] 在第三段，认为应该慎重对待这种新型食物的人提到了两点理由：一是他们认为目前测试其安全与否的标准不可靠;二是认为这种食物投放市场的时间尚短，还没办法研究其长期效应(long-term effects)。

　　4. [D] 在第三段最后一句她说，加拿大人毫无意识地成为一种全新的前沿科学的试验品。她说的这一句话与上一句话的意思应该是一致的。由此推断，在她看来，人们应该谨慎做事，因为人们还不了解新型食物的长期效应。

　　5. [D]意为：客观的。作者列举了拥护者和反对者的意见，对于孰是孰非并没有提出自己的看法，所以在最后一句作者指出，问题还将继续争论下去。

I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach. 　　The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life. 　　1 would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion. 　　This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing. 　　Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries. 　　Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn‘t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead. 　　1. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____. 　　[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst 　　[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst 　　[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist 　　[D]purely imaginary and impractical 　　2. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____. 　　[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth 　　[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested 　　[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers 　　[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs 　　3. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____. 　　[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious 　　[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved 　　[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments 　　[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients 　　4. Which of the following is a science according to the author? 　　[A]Neuroscience. 　　[B]Psychoanalysis. 　　[C]Psychotherapy. 　　[D]None of the above. 　　5. The main purpose of the passage is____. 　　[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis 　　[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis 　　[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines 　　[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science 　　参考答案：
　　1. [B] 在第一段作者指出，自己是一个神经科学家，随后说明了这门科学目前存在的局限性。最后一句指出，作为一个神经学方面的科学家，他觉得有必要谈一下另外一种方法究竟是个什么东西。这里所谓the alternative approach指上文提到的心理疗法(psychotherapy)。根据第二段的论述，心理分析是心理疗法的一个分支。而在第三段，作者将心理分析称为一种宗教，认为它不是科学。

　　2. [B] 第四段说明了为什么心理分析是一种宗教而不是一门科学。由本段可以看出，科学与宗教的根本区别在于：科学是能被实验证明真伪的，而宗教则不能。第五、六段接着列举了心理分析与宗教的相似性。

　　3. [B] 句中this problem即指上一段最后一句提到的不能被证明真伪。

　　4. [A] 意为：神经科学。在第一段，作者称自己为神经学科学家。由此看来，在他心目中，神经科学是一门科学，虽然它现在尚有许多问题解决不了。实际上，敢于承认其局限性，才是研究一门科学应有的态度。而自称什么问题都能解决的心理分析学被作者称为一种宗教。另外，在第二段第四句，作者使用了other psychotherapies这样的措辞，说明作者将心理分析看做是心理疗法的一个分支，二者都不是科学。

　　5. [D] 第一段最后一句提出本文旨在说明的主要问题，文章最后一段是文章的结论，其中尤其是该段最后一句。

　For three decades we‘ve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption)exercise.Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health，and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill to reap the rewards.But the story is changing.Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’S office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics.And as weight lifting has gone mainstream，SO has the once obscure practice known as“Super Slow”training.Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snail‘s pace——making each“rep”(repeat)last 1 4 seconds instead of the usual 7—you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles，and call forth an extraordinary response.Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need，as some advocates believe，but the benefits are often dramatic. 　　Almost anyone can handle this routine.The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn.For each exercise——leg press，bench press，shoulder press and SO On—70u set the machine to provide only moderate resistance.But as you draw out each repeat，depriving yourself of impetus，the weight soon feels unbearable.Defying the impulse to stop，you ke印going until you can‘t complete a repeat.Then you sustain your vain effort for 1 0 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle.Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally.But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workout，it can become almost pleasure. 　　The goal is not to bunr calories while you＇re exercising but to make your body burn them all the time.Running a few miles may make you sweat，but it expends only 1 00 calories per mile，and it doesn‘t stimulate much bone or muscle development.Strength training doesn’t burn many calories，either.But when you push a muscle to failure，you set off a pour of physiological changes.As the muscle recovers over several days，it will thicken——and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance.By the time you add three pounds of muscle，your body requires an extra 9，000 calories a month just to break even.Hold your diet steady and，very quickly，you are vaporizing body fat. 　　One might have benefited from any strength—training program.But advocates insist the slowtechnique is safer and more effective than traditional methods. 　　1. Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years 　　[A]its inherent awards to their health 　　[B]its greater consumption of oxygen 　　[C] the compliment paid by authorities 　　[D]the actual benefits from the exercise 　　2. According to the author，“Super Slow‘’training 　　[A]has been misunderstood for decades 　　[B]has been widely accepted recently 　　[C]has been the basis ofweight lifting 　　[D]has become the nucleus of aerobics 　　3. In practicing slow lifting，one has 　　[A]complete each rep with great 　　[B]tryhisbesttodothetraining 　　[C]sufferthe bitter effect called forth by the exercise 　　[D]exert extraordinary pressure on his legs and shoulders 　　4.While making each rep，one may suffer from 　　[A]impetus loss 　　[B]weight loss 　　[C]bearable iron weights 　　[D]the feeling of successful workout 　　5.The phrase“to break even”(Line 6，Para.3)most 　　[A]to upset the physical energy balance 　　[B]to disturb the calmness ofthe body 　　[C]to gain a greater profit than a loss 　　[D]to make neither a profit nor a loss 　　阅读小帮手 　　核心词汇 　　authority n.权威 complement n.补足物 pace n.步调 　　tolerance儿容忍 sustain vt保持 embrace v信奉 benefit vi.受益 　　probably means association n.协会 obscureadj.不出名的 　　dramatic adj.引人注目的 moderate adj.适度的 cradle n.发源地 　　stimulate vt.刺激 effective adj.有效的 surgeon n.外科医生 claim Vt.声称 　　handle yr.操作 impetus n.推动力，动量 intense adj.强烈的 tissue n.[生]组织 　　三十年来我们不停地听到关于有氧(增加氧气消耗量)运动的种种优点。医学权威们都曾称赞，跑步和跳跃是获得健康的关键，于是数百万美国人选择靠跑步机获得健康。但这一情形正在改变。近来，从美国心脏协会到外科主任的办公室，每个人都信奉力量练习是有氧运动的一项补充。同举重运动一样，一度默默无闻的“超慢速‘’运动成了主流。狂热者们称，以极其缓慢的速度——使每个动作重复持续14秒而不是通常的7秒——提升重物，你就肯定会给肌肉施加巨大的负荷，并产生特别的效果。正如一些倡导者所说，慢速举重也许不是你需要的惟一练习，但它的益处却往往是显著的。

　　几乎每个人都可以操作这套步骤，仅仅需要高度集中的注意力和对肌肉灼伤的忍耐力。在你每一次练习中——腿部伸展、仰卧举重、肩膊推举等等——将机器设定为提供最适度的阻力。但是由于你每次重复动作时动量逐渐减少，重量很快就会显得无法承受。你要忍住想要停下来的冲动，直到你无法坚持再重复一次。接着，你要保持住自己徒然的用力达10秒以上，直到力量全部用尽。太剧烈?不舒服?当然。即便这样的健身运动没能帮你塑造出理想的肌肉，它也能让你获得一种享受。

你的目的不是只在做练习时燃烧卡路里，而是要使你的身体时时刻刻燃烧卡路里。跑几英里会使你出汗，但是I英里仅仅消耗100卡路里，而且它不能刺激骨头和肌肉的发展。力量训练同样不能燃烧很多卡路里。可是当你将肌肉拉伸到无力时，就引发了大量生理学上的变化。肌肉的恢复需要若干天时间，它会变相——而新的肌肉组织将需要消耗能量。当你增加了3磅肌肉的时候，身体为了收支平衡，每个月就需要额外的9，000卡路里。保特稳定的饮食，你就会很快消耗掉体内脂肪。

　　人们可以从任何方式的力量训练项目中得到益处。但是倡导者们坚持认为慢速技巧要比传统方法更加安全和有效。

　　参考答案：
　　1. D细节题。根据题干关键词仃eadmiu定位文章第一段，第二句提到美国人喜欢练脚踏车是为了reaDthe rewards(得到报偿)，由此可知D“从运动中获得实际的好处”最符合题意。其余三项A “与生俱来地对他们健康有好处”，人在跑步机上运动才会对身体有益，而不是跑步机本身对健康有益，可排除;B“由于跑步机耗氧量大”，跑步机耗氧是为了锻炼身体，但并非最终目的，排除;c“由于受到权威的赞美”属于偷换概念，因为文中提到受称赞的是running and jumping，也排除。

　　2. B推断题。根据题干关键词super slOW定位文章第一段，其中提到“同举重运动一样，一度默默无闻的‘超慢速’运动也已成为了主流”，可知B说法最恰当。A中的misunderstood是对 obscure(模糊的，不引人注意的)的有意曲解;c的内容在文中并未提到;D言过其实，文中只说strength training(力量锻炼)是a complement to aerobics(有氧健身运动的一个补充)，但没有说“Super.S10w”training成为有氧运动的核心，故排除。

　　3. c推断题。题干关键词slowli埘ng(慢速举重)最先出现在第一段最后一句，随后第二段进一步描述该运动要求高度集中的注意力和对肌肉灼伤的忍耐力。选项A中所说的“给肌肉施加巨大的负荷”，不同于文中的“对肌肉灼伤的忍耐力”，二者程度不同;选项B在文中并未提及， D说的是举重锻炼的不同部位而非slowl确ng的要求，因此C“忍受由于练习所致的肌肉疼痛”符合文意。

　　4. A细节题。由题干中的信息词make each rep定位第二段第四句“但由于你每次重复动作时动量 逐渐减少，重量很快就会显得无法承受”。由此可推知，慢速举重者可能会面临动量损失的情况，故选项A最符合题意。B文中未提;C与文中提到feel unbearable相反、D与文意相反。

　　5. D语义题。由题干定位第三段“当你增加了3磅肌肉的时候，身体为了 ，每个月就需要额外的9，00()卡路里”。结合选项，A和B均指“打乱身体能量平衡”，实际上大量的运动已经使身体能量不平衡了，无需再打乱平衡，故两者均可排除;c“盈余”，结合常识可知，这根本不利于健康，可排除;D“收支平衡”即保持身体能量平衡，符合题意。

It is a startling claim， but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effects：
the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day. Mrs. Pryce lost her own 9-year-old daughter to cancer in 1999. Pediatric cancer remains a little-understood issue in America， where the health-care debate is consumed with the ills， pills and medical bills of the elderly. 　　Cancer kills more children than any other disease in MERICA. 1) although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001. 　　2) Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41，000 each year) and lung cancer (164，000)。

Adbocates foor more money for child cancer prefer to look at life-years lost， the average age for cancer diagnosis in a young child is six， while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s. Robert Arceci， a pediatric cancer export at Johns Hopkins， points out that in terms of total life-years saved， the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer. 　　There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations， all the same， breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity， private fund-raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash. Pediatric cancer， a term which covers people up to 20 years old， receives one-twentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute. Funding， moan pediatric researchers， has not kept pace with rising costs in the field， and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3% this year. 　　There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers， a pilot childhood-cancer registry is in the works. Groups like Mr. Reaman‘s now get cash directly from Congress， but it is plainly a problem most politicians don’t know much about. 　　The biggest problem could lie with 15-19-year-olds. Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chances as younger children and older adults have done. There are some physiology explanations for this：
teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer， but Arehie Bleyer， a pediatric oncologist at the M.D Anderson Cancer Centre in Texas， has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role. Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly. (445 words) 　　1. The author cites the examples of Mrs. Pryce to show that 　　[A] child cancer is no longer a rare case. 　　[B ] nowadays Americans care little about child cancer. 　　[C] the current health-care debate is rather time-consuming. 　　[D] school kids are more likely to be diagnoses with cancer. 　　2. According to Robert Arceci， child cancer research is also worth funding because 　　[A] the statistics of child cancer is rather scary. 　　[B] a saved child may enjoy a longer life span. 　　[C] adults with caner do not deserve that much funding. 　　[D] funding on child cancer is economical and effective. 　　3. Those 15-19-year-olds diagnosed with cancer 　　[A] were born with defects in immune systems. 　　[B] are more likely to recover from a cancer. 　　[C] can not get enough medical care. 　　[D]suffer a lot during adolescence. 　　4. The author writes this text to 　　[A] inspire greater concern for the well being of children. 　　[B] warn people of the harms caused by cancer. 　　[C] interpret the possible cause of child cancer. 　　[D] change the public‘s indifference to kids with cancer. 　　5. The author‘s attitude towards the current state of childhood cancer may be 　　[A] concerned 　　[B] desperate 　　[C] carefree 　　[D] indignant 　　词汇注释 　　pediatric 小儿的，儿科的 　　grisly 令人恐怖的 　　a flurry of 大量的 　　dole out 发放 　　registry 官方记录 　　oncologist 肿瘤学家 　　难句讲解 　　1. Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001. 　　[简析] 本句主干是“the propotion … increased …”。引导的是让步状语从句;diagnosed with … 短语修饰children and teens. 　　2. Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41，000 each year) and lung cancer (164，000)。

　　[简析] 本句主干是“they are still tiny …”。Grisly though …是倒装句式;they指的是these statistics;when 引导的是一个省略条件状语从句，省略了主语，其中的lost to…短语修饰lives. 　　3. There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers. 　　[简析] 本句主干是“There is no national pediatric cancer registry …”。That 引导的定语从句修饰cancer registry;their指的是child and teenage patients;as 引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的句子，其中的they 指的是researchers. 　　答案与解析 　　1. A 结构题。本题的问题是“作者引用普瑞斯夫人的例子，是为了说明 ”。题干中的“Pryce，出自文章第一段第一句话中，表明本题与第一段有关。第一段首先指出，这是一个令人吃惊的说法，随后提到了普瑞斯夫人的话——每天都有相当于两个教室的孩子被诊断患有癌症，接着提到了她女儿死于癌症的事情，随后的段落介绍了癌症导致的儿童死亡人数增加的问题。这说明，作者提到普瑞斯夫人的例子，是为了说明，儿童患癌征的现象已经不再罕见。[A]”小儿癌症不再是一种罕见的疾病“是对作者意图的恰当概括，为正确答案。[B]”如今的美国人很少关心小儿癌症“是针对该段第三句话设置的干扰项，是作者提出问题的原因，不是目的;[C]”目前有关医疗保健的讨论相当费时“是针对该段第三句话设置的干扰项，是曲解了is consumed with (关注……)这个短语在本文的意思，与文意不符;[D]”在校的孩子更可能被诊断患有癌症“是针对该段第一句话设置的干扰项，这是举的例子，不是作者的目的。

　　2. B 细节题。本题的问题是“根据罗伯特。阿赛西的观点，小儿癌症研究也值得投资，因为 ”。题干中的“Robert Arceci”出自文章第三段最后一句话中，表明本题与第三段有关。第三段提到，主张为儿童癌症患者投入更多资金的人们更注重失去的寿命，随后提到了罗伯特。阿赛西的观点——从被挽救的总体寿命来看，治愈儿童癌症患者带来的价值几乎与治愈成年乳腺癌患者的价值一样。这说明，原因是可以延长儿重的生命。[B]“被挽救的孩子可能享有更长的寿命”是对其观点的改写，为正确答案。[A]“有关小儿癌症的统计数据非常令人惊恐”是事实，并不是罗伯特。阿赛西的观点;[C]“患癌症的成年人不值得那么多的资助”是针对该段最后一句话设置的干扰项，文中并没有说罗伯特。阿赛西反对资助成年癌症患者，所以C与文意不符;[D]“对小儿癌症的投资既经济又有效”属于无中生有。

　　3.C 细节题。本题的问题是“那些15岁至19岁的被诊断患有癌症的青少年 ”。题干中的“15—19 year-olds”出自文章最后一段第一句话中，表明本题与最后一段有关。最后一段首先提到了15岁到19岁的青少年的问题，接着分析指出，一些数据显示，缺少医疗保险是一个原因，医疗保险不大可能覆盖更多的青少年和年轻的成年人，这些人也不大可能进行定期体检。这说明，这些青少年没有得到医疗方面的关注。[C]“没能得到足够的医疗护理”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“生来就有免疫系统的缺陷”和[D]“在青春期受了很多苦”属于无中生有;[B]“更可能从癌症中恢复”与文意相反。

　　4. D 主旨题。本题的问题是“作者写本文是为了 ”。作者首先指出，小儿癌症仍然是一个鲜为人知的问题，接着利用数据说明，癌症导致的儿童死亡人数比其他疾病多，随后指出，儿童癌症没有引起足够的关注，没有得到足够的资金，并分析了原因。这说明，作者写本文是为了提请人们关注儿童癌症问题。[D]“改变公众对儿童癌症患者的冷漠态度”是对作者目的的恰当概括，可以表达作者的主要目的，为正确答案。[A]“鼓励人们更关注儿童的幸福”不准确，没有提到儿童的癌症问题;本文主要讨论的是儿童癌症问题，所以[B]“警告人们癌症造成的危害”太广泛，不能表达作者的主要目的;[C]“解释小儿癌症可能的原因”只是文中部分段落的内容，不能表达作者的主要目的。

　　5. A 态度题。本题的问题是“作者对于小儿癌症现状的态度可能是 ”。作者在文中指出，小儿癌症在美国仍然是一个鲜为人知的问题，儿童癌症没有引起足够的关注，没有得到足够的资金，并引用专家的观点指出，应该多投资儿童癌症问题的研究。这说明，作者关注小儿癌症问题。[A]“关心的”是对作者态度的恰当概括，为正确答案。第五段提到，登记儿童癌症患者人数的试点工作正在计划之中，并且像瑞曼先生这样的研究小组直接从国会获得资金，这说明[B]“绝望的”与作者的态度不符;[C]“不负责任的”是美国人的态度，不是作者的态度;作者并没有指责谁，所以[D]“愤慨的”与作者的态度不符。

The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected. 　　To combat this， the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to“downgrade” the process into something low-key， routine and stigma-free. 62)Until now， a potential test subject had to opt in， by asking for a test; having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way， having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory， but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent， and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease. 　　This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana， South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi， a doctor at Botswana‘s largest AIDS clinic， thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63) In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth. 　　Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients‘ blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient‘s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests. 　　But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead， many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher， all the better. 　　1. Why few people would volunteer for AIDS-test if treatment is readily prepared? 　　[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment. 　　[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs. 　　[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected. 　　[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring. 　　2. According to the text， how to “downgrade” the test process? 　　[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test. 　　[B] by going down to the patients‘ homes to take the test. 　　[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits. 　　[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test. 　　3. it can be inferred from the text that 　　[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor. 　　[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries. 　　[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling. 　　[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available. 　　4. the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to 　　[A] help the patients save some money for treatments. 　　[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind. 　　[C] make sure that patients can receive in-time treatment. 　　[D] prevent patients from possible further infection. 　　5. persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except 　　[A] saving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people. 　　[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment. 　　[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people. 　　[D] shortening doctors‘ treatment time. 　　词汇注释 　　in droves 成群结队 　　stigma 耻辱 　　downgrade 降级 　　low-key 低调的 　　expectant mother 孕妇 　　anti-retroviral 抗病毒 　　staggered 吃惊的 　　inadvertently 无意中地 　　slump 躺 　　难句讲解 　　1. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS， and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected. 　　[简析] 本句话的主干是“the reason for that appears to be that…”。第一个that指的是前面句子的内容;第二个that引导的是表语从句;and thus…引导的段与作伴随状语，其中的it指的是sigma，if 引导的是条件状语从句。

　　2. Having asked， he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. 　　[简析] 本句话的主干是“he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…”。Having asked 短语作时间状语;he指的是前面句子中提到的a potential test subject;he really knew…是一个省略了引导次的宾语从句，其中的what引导的是宾语从句，before引导的是时间状语从句。

　　3. In particular， he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth. 　　[简析] 本句话的主干是“he believes that…”。he 指的是Dwain Ndwapi;that引导的是宾语从句;from mothers to new-born children修饰transmission;if引导的是条件状语从句;破折号里面的内容是在进一步介绍条件，其中的those指的是expectant mothers，who引导的定语从句修饰those;before引导的是时间状语从句，其中的they指的也是expectant mothers. 　　4. But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. 　　[简析] 本句话的主干是“laboratory capacity is inadequate for…”。That引导的定语从句修饰people;破折号里面的内容是在介绍条件，其中的as…as 引导的是比较状语从句，其中的they指的是testes. 　　5. Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people， and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. 　　[简析] 本句话是一个并列句，其主干是“treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means that”。Than引导的是比较状语;it指的是前面的句子;that引导的是宾语从句。

　　答案与解析 　　1. D细节题。本题的问题是“如果治疗很容易准备的话，为什么几乎没有人自愿进行爱滋病检测?”文章第一段首先提到了人们的一种错误观点，随后解释了原因，指出，政府没有设法减少与爱滋病有关的耻辱，也没有减少如果你怀疑你自己可能被感染了爱滋病而去寻求检测的耻辱。这说明，原因是人们觉得，与爱滋病有关的东西是耻辱。[D]“因为人们不能忍受检测带来的羞耻”是对文中相关信息的改写，为正确答案。[A]“因为人们不知道他们是否需要治疗”和[B]“因为人们负担不起昂贵的药物”属于无中生有;[C]“因为人们担心查出他们受到了感染”是针对该段中“with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected”设置的干扰项，与文意不符。

　　2. C细节题。本题的问题是“根据本文，如何‘降级’检测的过程?”题干中的“downgrade”出自文章第二段第二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段在介绍人们采取的应对措施时提到，博茨瓦纳爱滋病检测的所有原则完全被改变了，人们把检测过程“降级”为低调、常规并且没有耻辱感的事情，也就是在人们看病时对他们进行常规检测。这说明，人们是通过把检测看成是患者看病时的常规事情来“降级”检测过程的。[C]“通过把检测作为患者去医院时进行的常规事情”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“通过迫使那些可能的爱滋病患者去检测”明显与文意不符;[B]“通过去患者的家庭进行检测”属于无中生有;[D]“通过询问他们是否愿意进行检测”是针对文中“…make sure he re.ally knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out”这句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符。

　　3. B推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文，可以推知 ”。文章第二段介绍了人们采取的应对措施，第三段指出，这种原则上的改变可能只是博茨瓦纳、南非和其他非洲国家即将发生变化的第一步，这些国家正计划在公立医院大量供应抗爱滋病的药物，随后介绍了一名博茨瓦纳医生的新观点。由此可知，非洲一些国家将实施更多新措施。[B]“更多像新原则一样的原则将在许多非洲国家得到实施”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“新原则将能够包含任何看病的患者”属于无中生有;文中并没有比较新旧原则的好坏，所以[C]“旧原则比新原则更好，因为它为患者提供咨询”与文意不符;[D]“患者的沉默表示他同意进行任何可能的治疗”是针对文中“Silence is assummed to be consent， and no counseling is offered”这句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符。

　　4. B细节题。本题的问题是“减少两种昂贵血检次数的目的是为了 ”。题干中的“two expensive blood tests”出自文章第四段第一句话中(文中用的是two costly tests of patients‘ blood)，表明本题与第四段有关。第四段首先提到了减少两种昂贵血检的次数问题，并解释了这两种血检的目的，随后指出，非洲的实验室没有能力对数百万需要这类药物的人进行常规检测，每个人的检测频率越少，更多的人得到至少某些检测的机会就越多。这说明，减少血检次数的目的是为了让更多的人可以接受检测。[B]“使更多的人可以接受某些检测”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“帮助患者节省治疗费用”明显与文意不符;文中没有提到及时治疗的问题，也没有提到进一步感染的问题，所以[C]“确信患者可以得到及时的治疗”和[D]“防止患者可能进一步感染”属于无中生有。

　　5. A细节题。本题的问题是“说服患者尽早治疗将有下列好处，除了 ”。题干中的 “Persuading patients to get treatment”出自文章最后一段最后一句话中(文中用的是persuade more patients to get help)，表明本题与最后一段有关。最后一段提到，与给相对健康的人发放抗爱滋病药物相比，治疗非常严重的患者花费的时间和金钱多得多，并且这些人可能会在更长的时间内无意中感染其他人，随后提到了说服患者治疗这个问题，指出，如果常规检测可以说服更多患者寻求帮助的话，那么一切都会更好了。这说明，[B]“削减治疗费用”、[C]“避免把病毒传染给更多的人”和[D]“缩短医生的治疗时间”都是说服患者尽早治疗的好处。只有[A]“给相对健康的人节省抗爱滋病药物”不是文中提到的好处。

There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment， they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician， but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced， not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation， but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result， and in other people does result， in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”。

　　There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery， and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then， even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness， the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery， more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring one‘s own self too much) inaccessibility， a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness. 　　In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral” factor， a sense of guilt， which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty， he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case. 　　1. According to the author， some unusual patients would 　　[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician. 　　[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt. 　　[C] respond against the physician‘s expectation. 　　[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician. 　　2. For the patients the author describes， 　　[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result. 　　[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms. 　　[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness. 　　[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness. 　　3. The author‘s study of this syndrome leads him to think that 　　[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis. 　　[B] patients‘ sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well. 　　[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness. 　　[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness. 　　4. It can be inferred from the text that 　　[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way. 　　[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery. 　　[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty. 　　[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious. 　　5. The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients 　　[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physician‘s authority. 　　[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors. 　　[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness. 　　[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt. 　　词汇注释 　　defiance 蔑视 　　therapeutic 治疗的 　　dreaded 令人担心的 　　narcissistic 自我陶醉的 　　inaccessibility 不易接近的 　　难句讲解 　　1. Every partial solution that ought to result， and in other people does result， in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. 　　[简析] 本句话的主干是“Every partial solution produces in them an intensification， they get worse…”。that引导的定语从句修饰solution;them 和they都是指前面句子中的such people. 　　2. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then， even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness， the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery， more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic (admiring one‘s own self too much) inaccessibility， a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness. 　　[简析]本句话是一个并列句，其主干是“the greater part of it is still left over…and this reveals itself as…”。If引导的是条件状语从句，even after引导的短语是插入语;it 之得失this resistance;后面句子中的this 指的是前面的句子;a negative attitude…短语是在解释inaccessibility. 　　3. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case. 　　[简析]本句话是一个并列句，其主干是“It is also difficult to convince the patient…he holds fast to…”。It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的to conceive…短语，其中的that引导的是宾语从句;he指的是the patient;第二个that引导的是explanation的同位语从句。

　　答案与解析 　　1. C细节题。本题的问题是“根据作者的观点，有些异常的患者可能 ”。题干中的 “Some unusual patients”出自文章第一段第一句话中(文中用的是people who behave in aquite peculiar fashion)，表明本题与第一段有关。第一段在提到这些人时指出，如果你充满希望地与他们交谈，或者对治疗的进展表示满意，他们就表现出不满的样子，并且他们的状况总是会变坏;随后指出，你不仅确信这类人不能容忍任何赞扬或评价，你还深信他们会反向回应治疗取得的进展。这说明，这些人可能对医生的希望做出逆向反应。[C] “对医生的期望做出相反的回应”与此意符合，为正确答案。[A]“公开抵制医生的治疗”、[B]“故意鄙视医生”和[D]“漠视医生的评价”都不准确，与文意不符。

　　2. A细节题。本题的问题是“对于患者，作者描述到 ”。第一段前半部分分析了异常患者之后，在后半部分提到，任何局部治疗方法对他们会导致病情的恶化，他们的病情恶化，而不是好转，他们的表现就是人们所知的“消极治疗反应”。这说明，有效的治疗方法对这些人会起反作用。[A]“一个有希望的治疗通常导致相反的结果”与此意符合，为正确答案。[B]“局部治疗暂时改善了他们的症状”和[D]“正确的治疗方法部分治愈他们的疾病”是针对第一段中“…that ought to result，and in other people does result，in an improvement…”这句话设置的干扰项，明显是误解了该句话的意思;[C]“局部治疗方法使他们的病情好转而不是恶化他们的病情”与第一段中“they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better”这句话的意思相反。

　　3. 细节题。本题的问题是“作者对这种综合病症的研究导致他认为 ”。作者在第一段介绍了那些患者的异常表现，在第二段提到了患者的抗病性因素，最后一段分析了这种抗病性的原因，指出，我们面对的是一种可能被称做的“道德”因素，一种罪恶感，也就是在疾病中寻求满足，拒绝放弃受难的惩罚。这说明，作者认为，患者的罪恶感导致他拒绝治疗、康复。[B]“病人的罪恶感可能阻碍他们康复”与此意符合，为正确答案。[A] “病人应该相信分析治疗法”是针对最后一段最后一句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符：[C]“病人需要了解对他们疾病的最终解释”是针对最后一段第二句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符;[D]“病人应该放弃患病的惩罚”属于无中生有。

　　4. D推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文，可以推知 ”。第一段提到，在分析治疗过程中，有些人的表现方式非常特别，接着介绍了这些人的异常表现;第二段提到了抗病性表现，最后一段提到，我们面对的是一种罪恶感，也就是在疾病中寻求满足，拒绝放弃受难的惩罚;就患者来说，这种罪恶感是无意的，这并没有向他表明他有罪、他患病了。由此可知，患者的异常反应令人费解。[D]“对治疗的反向回应综合症是难以理解的”与此意符合，为正确答案。[A]“有些人以一种特别时髦的方式表现”是误解了第一段第一句话中fashion(方式)一词的意思;第二段第二句话提到了[B]“患病的需要超过了恢复的渴望”，但随后的句子说明这种观点不对;[C]“那些满足于患病的患者是有罪的”是误解了最后一段的内容。

　　5. C细节题。本题的问题是“抵制恢复的根本原因在于这样的事实：患者 ”。题干的“the resistance to recovery”出自文章最后一段第四句话中，表明本题与最后一段有关。最后一段首先提到了罪恶感，接着解释说，他们拒绝放弃受难的惩罚，这种罪恶感是无意的，它只是表现为抵制非常难以克服的恢复，患者深信，通过分析治疗不是治疗他疾病的好方法。这说明，事实是，患者认为他应该受到患病的惩罚。[C ]“坚持‘他们该受疾病惩罚’这种无意识的观点”与此意符合，为正确答案。文中只是说“人们非常难以使患者相信这种动机隐藏于他继续患病的因素之中”，并没有说他们不相信医生的权威，所以[A]“倾向于拒绝承认医生的权威”不对;[B]“难以忍受医生的表扬或评价”与患者的罪恶感没有关系;[D]“患有慢性精神病，这种疾病使得他们有罪恶感”属于无中生有。

　One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking. 　　Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged. 　　The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. 　　In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization：
conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus triggering another time of drinking. 　　The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking. 　　1. The main purpose of the text is to 　　A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism. 　　B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism. 　　C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism. 　　D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism. 　　2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to 　　A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite. 　　B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers. 　　C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear. 　　D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory. 　　3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that 　　A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields. 　　B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord. 　　C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol. 　　D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism. 　　4. The author provides enough information to answer the question of 　　A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences. 　　B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy. 　　C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks. 　　D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now. 　　5. It can be inferred from the text that 　　A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory. 　　B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory. 　　C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking. 　　D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment. 　　答案B C C A C 　One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory， which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord， loss of job， and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is， alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern， therefore， favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking. 　　Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker， while the pull toward food was unchanged. 　　The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort， pain， and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. 　　In fact， the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization：
conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear， the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus， thus triggering another time of drinking. 　　The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response， experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment， either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking. 　　1. The main purpose of the text is to 　　A. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism. 　　B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism. 　　C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism. 　　D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism. 　　2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to 　　A. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite. 　　B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers. 　　C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear. 　　D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory. 　　3. We can learn from paragraph 3 that 　　A. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields. 　　B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord. 　　C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol. 　　D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism. 　　4. The author provides enough information to answer the question of 　　A. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences. 　　B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy. 　　C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks. 　　D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now. 　　5. It can be inferred from the text that 　　A. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory. 　　B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory. 　　C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking. 　　D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment. 　　答案与解析 　　1. B 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文的主要目的是 ”。文章首先提到了有关酗酒的诸多理论，随后具体介绍了学习和强化理论对酗酒的解释，指出，该理论认为，人们往往被吸引到令人愉快的场所，或者厌恶不愉快的场所;事实上，过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负疚感可能本身就成为另一次酗酒的导火线。这说明，本文主要是在解释酗酒的原因。[B] “帮助酗酒者和其他人了解酗酒的原因”是对本文的概括，为正确答案。文章虽然在第一段提到了有关酗酒的诸多理论这一点，但是着重介绍的是学习和强化理论，并没有介绍其他理论，所以[A]“介绍一些有关酗酒的理论”不是本文的主要目的;本文并没有提到适用于酗酒的心理方法和治疗酗酒的最有效新方法，所以[C]“解释适用于酗酒的一种 　　心理方法“和[D]”证实治疗酗酒的最有效新方法“属于无中生有。

　　2. C 结构题。本题的问题是“对康尔用两组老鼠做实验的描述是为了 ”。题干中的 “Conger”出自文章第二段二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段首先提到，一些实验证据表明，酒精减轻了恐惧，接着列举了康尔所做的实验，指出，给老鼠注射酒精后，它们远离电击的动力明显减弱，而接近食物的动力却保持不变。这说明，描述康尔用老鼠所做的实验是想表明，酒精可以降低恐惧。[C]“证实酒精将恐惧降低到最低点”是对该段中“alcoh01 reduces fear in an approach.avoidance situation”这句话的改写，为正确答案。酒精没有影响食欲是实验的结果，并不是提到实验的目的，所以[A]“证实饮酒不影响食欲”与题目的要求不符;文中并没有介绍有关酗酒的其他理论，所以[B]“证实其他理论研究人员的发现”不是描述康尔用老鼠所做实验的目的;第三段提到，饮酒者经受的明显问题似乎与学习理论解释的酗酒相矛盾，但文中并没有说这种观点不对，所以[D]“反驳学习和强化理论”与文意不符。

　　3. C 归纳题。本题的问题是“从第三段我们可以了解到 ”。第三段提到，酒精对减缓压力有立竿见影的效果，而酗酒行为导致的不愉快后果只是随后才发生。[C]“压力减缓在饮酒后首先出现”是对文中这句话的改写，为正确答案。该段第一句话说，饮酒者经 受的明显问题似乎与学习理论解释的酗酒相矛盾，但随后的解释并没有说该理论互相矛盾，所以[A]“学习理论在某些方面自相矛盾”与文意不符;文中是说“饮酒者在面临家庭不和、失业以及疾病时继续饮酒”，并没有说饮酒可以解决家庭不和，所以[B]“饮酒‘可以解决家庭不和问题”属于无中生有;文中只是说“酗酒行为导致的不愉快后果只是随后才发生”，并没有提到酗酒者是否记住不愉快后果这个问题，所以[D]“酗酒者记不住酗酒的不愉快后果”属于偷换概念。

　　4. A 细节题。本题的问题是“作者提供的信息回答了——问题”。文章前面两段介绍了有关酗酒的学习理论，随后的段落解释了酗酒者继续饮酒的原因，指出，饮酒者在面临家庭不和、失业以及疾病时继续饮酒，过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负疚感可能本身就成为另一次酗酒的导火线，如果饮酒者学会了在奖赏和惩罚这两种情况下饮酒，那么任何一种情况都可能引发反复饮酒。这说明，作者在本文回答了“酗酒者为什么继续饮酒”这个问题。[A]“虽然有令人不愉快的后果，但酗酒者为什么继续饮酒”是对作者观点的概括，为正确答案。文中虽然提到了康尔，但并没有提到休克疗法，所以[B]“康尔如何利用休克疗法解释酗酒者的行为”与文意不符;文中只是说“渴望再次饮酒可能是由忧虑导致的”，并没有提到忧虑可以带来好处，所以[C]“酗酒者在什么样的情况下会从忧虑打击中获益”与文意不符;文中没有提到治疗酗酒的方法，所以[D]“哪种方法是治疗酗酒的最佳方法”属于无中生有。

　　5. C推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文，可以推知——”。文章前面的段落解释了酗酒者继续饮酒的原因，最后一段提到，虽然惩罚可以用来抑制反应，但是，惩罚可以当作一种奖赏，并且强化饮酒这种行为。由此可知，奖赏和惩罚都可能引发反复饮酒。[C]“惩罚可能成为另一次饮酒的刺激因素”是对文中“either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking＇‘这句话的改写，为正确答案。奖赏和惩罚就是文中所谓的接近与回避，而文中的信息表明，酗酒者的行为符合这种理论，所以[A]”酗酒者的行为与’接近与回避‘理论矛盾“与文意相反;根据文中的信息不能推出[B]”大多数酗酒者的行为证明了学习理论“;最后一段提到，在解释酗酒原因时，惩罚的作用越来越重要了，惩罚可以用来抑制反应，说明[D]”经常过度饮酒使得酗酒者不。关心惩罚“与文意不符。

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